== Titulo 1 ==

=== Titulo 1.1 ===

<big>ENLACE INTERNO</big>
 

Este es un ejemplo de enlace [[Enlace Interno 1]]
 

[[Enlace Interno 2|ESTA ES UNA ETIQUETA DE ENLACE]]
 

== Título 2 ==

=== Título 2.1 ===

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[[Archivo:Sonidos-de-la-naturaleza.jpg|250x250px|marco|centro|Esta es una imagen ]]

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== Título 2 ==

=== Título 2.2 ===

Este es el contenido del enlace interno NOSOTROS

Nosotros

2016-06-09T17:12:26Z

Admin: /* Título 2 */

2013-03-01T21:07:11Z

Admin:

Acidity is frequently expressed as the Acid Value, which is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids in 1.0 g of the substance.[2]

----

=USP 401=

The acidity of fats and fixed oils in USP may be expressed as the number of mL of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralize the free acids in 10.0 g of substance.

==Method II==

Prepare 125 mL of a solvent mixture consisting of equal volumes of isopropyl alcohol and toluene. Before use, add 2 mL of a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in isopropyl alcohol to the 125 mL mixture and neutralize with alkali to a faint but permanent pink color. Weigh accurately the appropriate amount of well-mixed liquid sample indicate in the table below, and dissolve it in the neutralized solvent mixture. If the test specimen does not dissolve in the solvent, connect the flask with a suitable condenser and warm slowly, with frequent shaking, until the specimen dissolves. Shake vigorously while titrating with 0.1 N potassium hydroxide VS or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide VS to the first permanent of the same intensity as that of the neutralized solvent, before mixing with sample. Calculate Acid value by the formula:

56.11V X N/W

{| border="0" style="background:#fffff4" align="center"
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Acid Value
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Sample Weight (g)

|-align="center"
|0-1||20
|-align="center"
|1-4||10
|-align="center"
|4-15||2.5
|-align="center"
|15-74.9||0.5
|-align="center"
|≥75.0||0.1

|}

==Referencia==
*1. The chemical and technology of waxes. Warth, A.H. Second edition, p. 586
*2. Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US., Vol. 1, 2009, p. 150

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2013-03-01T18:13:56Z

Admin: Página creada con «{{cita libro |título= |año= |ubicación= |volumen= |páginas=}}»

Template:Citalibro

2013-03-01T18:12:56Z

Admin: Página creada con «{{cita libro |título=título=|año= |ubicación= |volumen= |páginas=}}»

{{cita libro |título=título=|año= |ubicación= |volumen= |páginas=}}

Acid Value

2013-03-01T18:10:01Z

Admin:

Acidity is frequently expressed as the Acid Value, which is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids in 1.0 g of the substance. <ref>Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US. Vol. 1, 151</ref>

----

=USP 401=

The acidity of fats and fixed oils in USP may be expressed as the number of mL of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralize the free acids in 10.0 g of substance.

==Method II==

Prepare 125 mL of a solvent mixture consisting of equal volumes of isopropyl alcohol and toluene. Before use, add 2 mL of a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in isopropyl alcohol to the 125 mL mixture and neutralize with alkali to a faint but permanent pink color. Weigh accurately the appropriate amount of well-mixed liquid sample indicate in the table below, and dissolve it in the neutralized solvent mixture. If the test specimen does not dissolve in the solvent, connect the flask with a suitable condenser and warm slowly, with frequent shaking, until the specimen dissolves. Shake vigorously while titrating with 0.1 N potassium hydroxide VS or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide VS to the first permanent of the same intensity as that of the neutralized solvent, before mixing with sample. Calculate Acid value by the formula:

56.11V X N/W

{| border="0" style="background:#fffff4" align="center"
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Acid Value
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Sample Weight (g)

|-align="center"
|0-1||20
|-align="center"
|1-4||10
|-align="center"
|4-15||2.5
|-align="center"
|15-74.9||0.5
|-align="center"
|≥75.0||0.1

|}

==Referencia==
{{citalibro}}

Acid Value

2013-03-01T17:35:43Z

Admin:

Acidity is frequently expressed as the Acid Value, which is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids in 1.0 g of the substance. <ref>Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US. Vol. 1, 151</ref>

----

=USP 401=

The acidity of fats and fixed oils in USP may be expressed as the number of mL of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralize the free acids in 10.0 g of substance.

==Method II==

Prepare 125 mL of a solvent mixture consisting of equal volumes of isopropyl alcohol and toluene. Before use, add 2 mL of a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in isopropyl alcohol to the 125 mL mixture and neutralize with alkali to a faint but permanent pink color. Weigh accurately the appropriate amount of well-mixed liquid sample indicate in the table below, and dissolve it in the neutralized solvent mixture. If the test specimen does not dissolve in the solvent, connect the flask with a suitable condenser and warm slowly, with frequent shaking, until the specimen dissolves. Shake vigorously while titrating with 0.1 N potassium hydroxide VS or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide VS to the first permanent of the same intensity as that of the neutralized solvent, before mixing with sample. Calculate Acid value by the formula:

56.11V X N/W

{| border="0" style="background:#fffff4" align="center"
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Acid Value
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Sample Weight (g)

|-align="center"
|0-1||20
|-align="center"
|1-4||10
|-align="center"
|4-15||2.5
|-align="center"
|15-74.9||0.5
|-align="center"
|≥75.0||0.1

|}

==Referencia==
{{listaref}}

Página principal

2013-03-01T17:04:26Z

Admin: Página creada con «==Tests and thecniques== :1.1 Structure :1.2 Chemical properties ::1.2.1 Acid Value ::1.2.2 Ester value ::1.2.3 Saponification value ::1.2.4 Iodine value ::...»

Hidroxyl and Acetyl numbers

2013-03-01T16:47:44Z

Admin: Protected "Hidroxyl and Acetyl numbers" (‎[edit=sysop] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite))

The hydroxyl number, defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to the hydroxyl content of 1 gram of fat, oil, or wax.
Acetyl value is expressed as number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid produced hydrolysis of 1 g of acetylated substance.

----

=Hydroxyl value=
The hydroxyl value is a measure of the content of free hydroxyl groups in a compound, typically a fat, oil, natural or synthetic ester. In determining the hydroxyl value, the hydroxyl group is acetylated with acetyl chloride or by using acetic anhydride-pyridine reagent. The excess of acetyl chloride or anhydride is converted to acetic acid by reacting with water. This acid is titrated with standard alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution.

==Method==
USP 401
Pyridine-Acetic Anhydride Reagent- Just before use, mix 3 volumes of freshly opened or freshly distilled pyridine with 1 volume of freshly opened or freshly distilled acetic anhydride.
Transfer a quantity of the substance, determined by reference to the accompanying table accurately weighed, to a glass-stoppered, 250 mL conical flask, and add 5.0 mL of Pyridine-Acetic Anhydride Reagent. Transfer 5.0 mL of Pyridine-Acetic Anhydride Reagent to a second glass-stoppered, 250 mL conical flask to provide the reagent blank. Fit both flasks with suitable glass-jointed reflux condensers, heat on a steam bath for 1 hour, add 10 mL of water through each condenser, heat on a steam bath for 1 hour, add 10 mL of water through each condenser, and heat on steam bath for 10 minutes more. Cool, and to each add 25 mL of butyl alcohol, previously neutralized to phenolphthalein TS with 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide, by pouring 15 mL trough each condenser and, after removing the condensers, washing the sides of both flasks with the remaining 10-mL portions. To each flask add 1 mL of phenolphthalein TS, and titrate with 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide VS, recording the volume, in mL, consumed by the residual acid in the test solution as T and that consumed by the blank as B. In a 125-mL conical flask, mix about 10 g of the substance, accurately weighed, with 10 mL of freshly distilled pyridine, previously neutralized to phenolphthalein TS, add 1 mL of phenolphthalein TS, and trite with 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide VS, recording the volume, in mL, consumed by the free acid in the test specimen as A, or use the Acid Value to obtain A. Calculate the Hydroxyl Value taken by the formula:

(56.11N/W)[B + (WA/C)-T]
In which W and C are the weights, in g, of the substance taken for the acetylation and for the free acid determination, respectively; N is the exact normality of the alcoholic potassium hydroxide; and 56.11 is the molecular weight of potassium hydroxide. [1]

{| border="0" style="background:#fffff4" align="center"
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Hydroxyl Value Range
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Weight of test specimen, g

|-align="center"
|0 to 20||10
|-align="center"
|20 to 50||5
|-align="center"
|50 to 100||3
|-align="center"
|100 to 150||2
|-align="center"
|150 to 200||1.5
|-align="center"
|200 to 250||1.25
|-align="center"
|250 to 300||1.0
|-align="center"
|300 to 350||0.75
|}

=Acetyl value =
The determination of acetyl number is the commonly accepted procedure for the estimation of hydroxylated esters, free alcohols (including sterols), and free hydroxyl acids in an unhydrolysed wax. If the wax is saponified and acetyl number is determined on the unsaponifiable material, it becomes a measure of the total amount of alcohols, free and combined, since the total amount of free and combined hydroxyl acids will have been eliminated in the separation of the total acids fraction. [2] The acetyl value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid formed when one gram of acetylated fat is saponified.[3]

==Method==
Boil 10 grams of the wax and add 20 mL of acetic anhydride in a round-bottomed flask under a reflux condenser for two hours; pour the resulting mixture into a large beaker containing 500 mL of hot water and boil for half and an hour. Allow the mixture to separate into two layers, siphon off the water, and boil the oily layer with three successive portions of fresh water. All free acetic acid removed. The acetylated wax is carefully separated from water and further dried by filtering through anhydrous paper in a drying oven.
Weigh two grams of the acetylated wax and saponify with a measured volume of standard alcoholic potassium hydroxide as in the determination of the saponification number; evaporate nearly to dryness to expel the alcohol, dissolve the soap in water, and add an amount of standard sulfuric acid exactly equivalent to the alkali used for saponification. Warm gently until the fatty acids separate as a layer at the top. Filter through wet paper, wash with boiling water until filtrate is no longer acid, and titrate the filtrate and washings with tenth-normal alkali, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Deduct the amount of alkali required to neutralize any soluble fatty acids in the original substance and calculate the acetic acid found in terms of acetyl number as defined above.

Acetyl number = (mL N/10 KOH used to neutralize HA)(5.61) / Wt. of acetylated product taken

=References:=
1. Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US. (2009) Vol. 1, p. 151
2. Warth, A.H. The chemical and technology of waxes. (1956) Second edition, p. 590
3. Ranken, M.D., Kill, R.C. and Baker C.G.J. Food Industries Manual. (1997) 24th edition, p. 299

Hidroxyl and Acetyl numbers

2013-03-01T16:47:27Z

Admin:

The hydroxyl number, defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to the hydroxyl content of 1 gram of fat, oil, or wax.
Acetyl value is expressed as number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid produced hydrolysis of 1 g of acetylated substance.

----

=Hydroxyl value=
The hydroxyl value is a measure of the content of free hydroxyl groups in a compound, typically a fat, oil, natural or synthetic ester. In determining the hydroxyl value, the hydroxyl group is acetylated with acetyl chloride or by using acetic anhydride-pyridine reagent. The excess of acetyl chloride or anhydride is converted to acetic acid by reacting with water. This acid is titrated with standard alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution.

==Method==
USP 401
Pyridine-Acetic Anhydride Reagent- Just before use, mix 3 volumes of freshly opened or freshly distilled pyridine with 1 volume of freshly opened or freshly distilled acetic anhydride.
Transfer a quantity of the substance, determined by reference to the accompanying table accurately weighed, to a glass-stoppered, 250 mL conical flask, and add 5.0 mL of Pyridine-Acetic Anhydride Reagent. Transfer 5.0 mL of Pyridine-Acetic Anhydride Reagent to a second glass-stoppered, 250 mL conical flask to provide the reagent blank. Fit both flasks with suitable glass-jointed reflux condensers, heat on a steam bath for 1 hour, add 10 mL of water through each condenser, heat on a steam bath for 1 hour, add 10 mL of water through each condenser, and heat on steam bath for 10 minutes more. Cool, and to each add 25 mL of butyl alcohol, previously neutralized to phenolphthalein TS with 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide, by pouring 15 mL trough each condenser and, after removing the condensers, washing the sides of both flasks with the remaining 10-mL portions. To each flask add 1 mL of phenolphthalein TS, and titrate with 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide VS, recording the volume, in mL, consumed by the residual acid in the test solution as T and that consumed by the blank as B. In a 125-mL conical flask, mix about 10 g of the substance, accurately weighed, with 10 mL of freshly distilled pyridine, previously neutralized to phenolphthalein TS, add 1 mL of phenolphthalein TS, and trite with 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide VS, recording the volume, in mL, consumed by the free acid in the test specimen as A, or use the Acid Value to obtain A. Calculate the Hydroxyl Value taken by the formula:

(56.11N/W)[B + (WA/C)-T]
In which W and C are the weights, in g, of the substance taken for the acetylation and for the free acid determination, respectively; N is the exact normality of the alcoholic potassium hydroxide; and 56.11 is the molecular weight of potassium hydroxide. [1]

{| border="0" style="background:#fffff4" align="center"
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Hydroxyl Value Range
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Weight of test specimen, g

|-align="center"
|0 to 20||10
|-align="center"
|20 to 50||5
|-align="center"
|50 to 100||3
|-align="center"
|100 to 150||2
|-align="center"
|150 to 200||1.5
|-align="center"
|200 to 250||1.25
|-align="center"
|250 to 300||1.0
|-align="center"
|300 to 350||0.75
|}

=Acetyl value =
The determination of acetyl number is the commonly accepted procedure for the estimation of hydroxylated esters, free alcohols (including sterols), and free hydroxyl acids in an unhydrolysed wax. If the wax is saponified and acetyl number is determined on the unsaponifiable material, it becomes a measure of the total amount of alcohols, free and combined, since the total amount of free and combined hydroxyl acids will have been eliminated in the separation of the total acids fraction. [2] The acetyl value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the acetic acid formed when one gram of acetylated fat is saponified.[3]

==Method==
Boil 10 grams of the wax and add 20 mL of acetic anhydride in a round-bottomed flask under a reflux condenser for two hours; pour the resulting mixture into a large beaker containing 500 mL of hot water and boil for half and an hour. Allow the mixture to separate into two layers, siphon off the water, and boil the oily layer with three successive portions of fresh water. All free acetic acid removed. The acetylated wax is carefully separated from water and further dried by filtering through anhydrous paper in a drying oven.
Weigh two grams of the acetylated wax and saponify with a measured volume of standard alcoholic potassium hydroxide as in the determination of the saponification number; evaporate nearly to dryness to expel the alcohol, dissolve the soap in water, and add an amount of standard sulfuric acid exactly equivalent to the alkali used for saponification. Warm gently until the fatty acids separate as a layer at the top. Filter through wet paper, wash with boiling water until filtrate is no longer acid, and titrate the filtrate and washings with tenth-normal alkali, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Deduct the amount of alkali required to neutralize any soluble fatty acids in the original substance and calculate the acetic acid found in terms of acetyl number as defined above.

Acetyl number = (mL N/10 KOH used to neutralize HA)(5.61) / Wt. of acetylated product taken

=References:=
1. Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US. (2009) Vol. 1, p. 151
2. Warth, A.H. The chemical and technology of waxes. (1956) Second edition, p. 590
3. Ranken, M.D., Kill, R.C. and Baker C.G.J. Food Industries Manual. (1997) 24th edition, p. 299

Hidroxyl and Acetyl numbers

2013-03-01T16:32:52Z

Admin: Created page with " The hydroxyl number, defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to the hydroxyl content of 1 gram of fat, oil, or wax. Acetyl value is expressed as..."

Iodine value

2013-03-01T16:09:38Z

Admin:

Iodine number or “Iodine absorption value” expresses the percentage of iodine that is absorbed by the wax when treated with a suitable solution of iodine. It indicates the amount of unsaturated fat or wax acids, unsaturated esters, unsaturated hydrocarbons, and unsaturated alcohols inclusive of sterols and resins.[1]

----

=Methods=

Several variations of iodine value have been developed, although Hanus method, Wijs method and Hubl method are still widely used. The iodine number is determinated with a “carrier” for the iodine, in which case the solution may be iodine monochloride in glacial acetic acid (Wijs); iodine monobromide in glacial acetic acid (Hanus); or iodine-mercuric chloride in alcohol (Hubl).[1]

==Hanus Method==

Transfer an accurately weighed quantity of sample, as determinated from the accompanying table, into a 250 mL iodine flask, dissolve it in 10 mL of chloroform, add 25.0 mL of iodobromide TS, insert the stopper in the vessel securely, and allow it to stand for 30 minutes protected from, light, with occasional shaking. Then add, in the order named, 30 mL of potassium iodide TS and 100 mL of water, and titrate the liberated iodine with 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate VS until the blue color is discharged. Perform a blank test at the same time with the same quantities of the same reagents and in the same manner.
Calculate the Iodine Value from formula:

[126.9(VB-VS)N] 10W

In which 126.9 is the atomic weight form iodine; VB and VS are the volumes, in mL, of 0.1 N sodium thiosulfate VS consumed by the blank test and the actual test, respectively; N is the exact normality of the sodium thiosulfate VS; and W is the weight, in g, of the substance taken for the test. [NOTE-If more than half of the iodobrimide TS is by the portion of the substance taken, repeat the determination, using a smaller portion of the substance under examination.] [2]

{| border="0" style="background:#fffff4" align="center"
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Iodine Value expected
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Weight in g, ±0.001

|-align="center"
|<1||3.000
|-align="center"
|5-20||1.000
|-align="center"
|21-50||0.400
|-align="center"
|51-100||0.200
|-align="center"
|101-150||0.130
|-align="center"
|151-200||0.100
|}

==WIJS METHOD==

Dissolve 16.2 g iodine monochloride (ICl) in a 1 L volumetric flask with glacial acetic acid. Store the Wijs solution in amber bottle sealed with paraffin until it is used. [NOTE- Wijs solution is sensitive to temperature considerably affect titter of the Wijs solution. Therefore it is essential that blanks and samples are titrated at the same time.]
Dissolve the sample in 15 mL CCl4, add 25 mL Wijs solution and keep in the dark for approx. 1 hour to complete the reaction. Add deionized water and titrate excess iodine with sodiumthiosulphate. [3]

==HubI method: ==

Substances:
(a) Iodine (25 g) is dissolved in 500 cc of 95 per cent ethanol; (b) m..reuric chloride (30 g) is dissolved in 500 cc of 95% ethanol. The reagent is made up by taking an equal volume of (a) and (b) when needed.

To determine iodine number by the Hubl method, weigh out an amount of Sample which will absorb 0.3-0.4 gram of iodine; place this in a clean dry flask and add 10 cc of chloroform. When the sample has completely dissolved, add 25-30 cc of the mixed iodine solution, and stopper the flask carefully.
Fill the gutter around the stopper with potassium iodide solution to guard against loss 'of iodine. Shake flask gently and set aside for 3 hours or more in a dink closet. Run blank in a similar dry flask using the same amounts of chloroform, iodine solution, and potassium iodide. Add 100 cc distilled water to each flask and 20 cc of potassium iodide solution. Titrate the excess of iodine at once by means of the standard thiosulfate solution.
Attempts have been made to modify the existing methods so as not only to shorten the time of the determination to a matter of minutes but to secure the optimum halogen absorption under all circumstances, and the most reliable iodine numbers. [1]

=Reference=

1. The chemical and technology of waxes. Warth, A.H. Second edition, p. 588, 596
2. Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US. Vol. 1, p. 151
3. AOAC Official Method Analysis, 1984, Chapter 28.023

Iodine value

2013-03-01T16:05:35Z

Admin: Created page with "Iodine number or “Iodine absorption value” expresses the percentage of iodine that is absorbed by the wax when treated with a suitable solution of iodine. It indicates the..."

Waxpedia

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Saponification value

2013-03-01T16:02:20Z

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The saponification value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids and saponify the esters contained in 1.0 g of the substance.[1]

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=Method=

The saponification value was originated by Koettsdorfer and sometimes known by this name. The saponification is the process by which the fatty acids in the glycerides of the oil are hydrolysed by an alkali; to evaluate this, a known quantity of wax is refluxed with an excess of alcoholic potassium hydroxide, after the reflux the remaining KOH is estimated by titrating it against a standard acid. Since each molecule of fat, regardless of its size, requires three molecules of KOH to saponify, it is evident that the saponification number really indicates the number of fat molecules per gram of fat. The larger fat molecule, the fewer number will be per gram of fat.[2]

==USP 401==

Place 1.5 to 2.0 g of the substance in a tared, 250 mL flask, weight accurantely, and add to it 25.0 mL of 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide. Heat the flask on a steam bath, under a suitable condenser to maintain reflux for 30 minutes, frequently rotating the contents. Then add 1 mL of phenolphthalein TS, and titrate the excess potassium hydroxide with 0.5 N hydrochlorirc acid VS. Perform a blank determination under the same conditions. The difference between the volumes, in mL, of 0.5 N hydrochloric acid consumed in the actual test and in the blank test, multiplied by 56.1 and the exact normality of the 0.5N hydrochloric acid VS, and dived by the weight in g of specimen taken, is the Saponification Value.

=References=
1. Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US. (2009) Vol. 1, p. 152
2. Chauhan, B.S. Principles of Biochemestry and Biophysics. (2008) First edition. p. 144.

Ester value

2013-03-01T16:02:05Z

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The ester value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to saponify the esters in 1.0 g of the substance. [2]

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=Wax esters=

Wax esters are oxoesters of long-chain fatty acids esterified with long-chain alcohols. The ester value shows the amount alkali consumed in the saponification of the esters [1] and is possible identify and differentiate the waxes with this value; for example beeswax ester value is 72 to 79 mg KOH/ g, candelilla wax ester value is 31 to 43 mg KOH/ g and carnauba wax ester value is 74 to 78 mg KOH/ g.

=Method=
In ester value determination, the sample is hydrolysed to alcohol and using excess of standar potassium hydroxide solution. The excess of alkali is back titrated.
USP-NF monographs presents a general procedure of ester value apply to fats, fixed oils and waxes.

==USP 401==

Place 1.5 g to 2 g of the substance in a tared, 250 mL flasks, weigh accurately, add 20 mL to 30 mL of neutralized alcohol and shake. Add 1 mL of phenolphthalein TS, and titrate with 0.5 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide VS until the free acid is neutralized. Add 25.0 mL of 0.5N alcoholic potassium hydroxide VS, and proceed as directed under Saponification Value, beginning with “Heat the flask” and omitting the further addition of phenolphthalein TS. The difference between the volumes, in mL, of 0.5 N hydrochloric acid consumed in the actual test and in the blank test, multiplied by 28.05 and divided by the weight in g of the specimen taken, is the Ester Value.

=Referencia=
# The chemical and technology of waxes. Warth, A.H. Second edition, p. 586
# Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US., Vol. 1, 2009, p. 150

Acid Value

2013-03-01T16:01:47Z

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Acidity is frequently expressed as the Acid Value, which is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids in 1.0 g of the substance.

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=USP 401=

The acidity of fats and fixed oils in USP may be expressed as the number of mL of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralize the free acids in 10.0 g of substance.

==Method II==

Prepare 125 mL of a solvent mixture consisting of equal volumes of isopropyl alcohol and toluene. Before use, add 2 mL of a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in isopropyl alcohol to the 125 mL mixture and neutralize with alkali to a faint but permanent pink color. Weigh accurately the appropriate amount of well-mixed liquid sample indicate in the table below, and dissolve it in the neutralized solvent mixture. If the test specimen does not dissolve in the solvent, connect the flask with a suitable condenser and warm slowly, with frequent shaking, until the specimen dissolves. Shake vigorously while titrating with 0.1 N potassium hydroxide VS or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide VS to the first permanent of the same intensity as that of the neutralized solvent, before mixing with sample. Calculate Acid value by the formula:

56.11V X N/W

{| border="0" style="background:#fffff4" align="center"
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Acid Value
! width="200 px" style="background:Moccasin; color:Black"|Sample Weight (g)

|-align="center"
|0-1||20
|-align="center"
|1-4||10
|-align="center"
|4-15||2.5
|-align="center"
|15-74.9||0.5
|-align="center"
|≥75.0||0.1

|}

==Referencia==
* Pharmacopedia/National Formulary. US. Vol. 1, 151

Ester value

2013-03-01T00:29:39Z

Admin: Created page with "The ester value is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to saponify the esters in 1.0 g of the substance. [2] ---- =Wax esters= Wax esters are oxoesters of long..."

Acid Value

2013-02-28T23:55:26Z

Admin:

Acid Value

2013-02-28T23:44:24Z

Admin: /* Method II */

Acid Value

2013-02-28T23:33:48Z

Admin: Created page with "Acidity is frequently expressed as the Acid Value, which is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids in 1.0 g of the substance. ---- =U..."

Acidity is frequently expressed as the Acid Value, which is the number of mg of potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free acids in 1.0 g of the substance.

----

=USP 401=

The acidity of fats and fixed oils in USP may be expressed as the number of mL of 0.1 N alkali required to neutralize the free acids in 10.0 g of substance.

==Method II==

Prepare 125 mL of a solvent mixture consisting of equal volumes of isopropyl alcohol and toluene. Before use, add 2 mL of a 1% solution of phenolphthalein in isopropyl alcohol to the 125 mL mixture and neutralize with alkali to a faint but permanent pink color. Weigh accurately the appropriate amount of well-mixed liquid sample indicate in the table below, and dissolve it in the neutralized solvent mixture. If the test specimen does not dissolve in the solvent, connect the flask with a suitable condenser and warm slowly, with frequent shaking, until the specimen dissolves. Shake vigorously while titrating with 0.1 N potassium hydroxide VS or 0.1 N sodium hydroxide VS to the first permanent of the same intensity as that of the neutralized solvent, before mixing with sample. Calculate Acid value by the formula:

56.11V X N/W

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2013-02-27T21:46:31Z

Admin:

Tests and thecniques
1.1 Structure
1.2 Chemestry propierities
1.3 Physical propierities

2. Industrial Uses of waxes
2.1 Food
2.2 Adhesives
2.3 Textile
2.4 Cosmetics
2.5 Coatings
2.6 Explosives

3. Composition
3.1 Synhetic
3.2 Natural
3.3 Mixed

4. Legislation, normativity
4.1 FDA
4.2 European normativity